This House View is contributed by Dave Richards, Managing Partner, Capria Ventures, Seattle, Washington, USA. Dave is an experienced investor in emerging markets with a focus on technology-enabled businesses across India, Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa. As an LP in Genesis Alternative Ventures, he brings over two decades of experience in venture capital.

Open-source breakthroughs are accelerating the rise of applied AI in Southeast Asia. As startups embed cutting-edge technology into fintech, agritech, edtech, and healthcare, investors have a rare window of opportunity to back high-growth startups before valuations soar.

For two years, affordability of AI technology has constrained emerging market startups, limiting some innovations in sectors primed for transformation. That bottleneck is disappearing fast. While global investments have centered on building AI’s backbone — foundational models, computer power, and regulation — Southeast Asia real AI opportunity lies in its application. Recent breakthroughs in open-source AI, led by players like DeepSeek and Alibaba, have dramatically lowered development and inferencing costs, allowing AI adoption to scale in high opportunity sectors like fintech, agritech, healthcare, and education. 

As cost barriers crumble, AI adoption is doing more than boosting efficiency — it’s unlocking new markets, driving inclusion, and fueling economic growth in ways few anticipated. Big Tech (namely Amazon, Google and Microsoft) has clearly identified the Southeast Asian market opportunities and committed to investing massively across Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia to expand cloud infrastructure and data centres. The combined billions of dollars of infrastructure investment is set to catalyze Southeast Asia as a challenger for AI.

One out of every three VC dollars invested globally in 2024 went to an AI startup, reflecting a continued coalescence around the vertical that some investors fear is having a distorting effect on the market. Yet, venture funding for Southeast Asia’s AI startups lags behind broader Asia-Pacific trends, and investments in startups aggressively implementing AI capabilities in their tech stacks remain largely under the radar. Venture investment in South-east Asia’s young AI firms has hit just $1.7 billion so far in 2024, out of about US$20 billion for the Asia-Pacific region as a whole, data from Preqin shows. Only 122 AI funding deals have taken place in the region in 2024, versus the Asia-Pacific total of 1,845. This gap presents a rare window: companies once less investable are now scaling rapidly, demonstrating earlier profitability, and establishing defendable first-mover advantages.
Investors who recognize this untapped potential stand to benefit substantially as these startups bridge the AI implementation gap across Southeast Asia’s rapidly digitizing economies, which collectively represent a $300+ billion digital economy opportunity by 2025.

The Undervalued Applied AI Opportunity

While Southeast Asia’s “official” AI market is projected to reach $8.92 billion in 2025 – alongside India’s $7.8 billion and Africa’s $4.92 billion – these figures primarily reflect AI-driven software, hardware, and services. The broader economic impact of AI adoption in businesses remains vastly underestimated and unaccounted for.

As AI becomes more accessible, industries once constrained by capital and infrastructure are now seeing rapid innovation. Application-layer innovation, long predicted to be AI’s most impactful frontier, is now proving its value — cutting costs, accelerating scale, and powering localized solutions.

Southeast Asia is already experiencing AI-driven transformation across key sectors. Startups leveraging applied AI are scaling with significantly lower capital requirements — achieving in months what once took years and millions of dollars. In Indonesia, fintech innovations — thanks to companies like OVO, Dana, wagely, GoTo Financial, Alami, etc. — have propelled financial inclusion, pushing the national index to 84%, up from 49% in 2014. In Vietnam, AI-powered agritech solutions such as Enfarm and TechCoop fragmented supply chains, address labor shortages and climate challenges in agriculture, a sector that employs 30% of the country’s workforce. AI-driven edtech platforms like Ruangguru and Edupia, along with healthtech startups like Halodoc and Doctor Anywhere, are bridging gaps in education and healthcare.

This shift is visible across emerging markets: In India, where over a million people join the workforce every month, AI-driven platforms like BetterPlace, Awign, and Naukri are improving job access and reducing hiring and workforce management inefficiencies. In Nigeria, fintech startups like Moniepoint, Africa’s 8th unicorn, serve 38 million unbanked adults, while Latin America’s agritech companies are transforming traditional farming into a data-driven industry.

Given the scale of opportunities in these regions, applied AI is not just optimizing businesses – it is redrawing economic maps.

Balancing Opportunity with Risk: The SEA Investor Perspective

Scaling AI solutions often presents challenges in reliability, security, compliance, and ethical deployment. Regulatory diversity shapes investment strategies across SEA. Singapore, for instance, has adopted a light-touch, voluntary approach to AI regulation, while Malaysia has established a national AI office focused on policy formulation and regulation, aiming to become a key regional player in AI advancement. However, in Indonesia and Vietnam, evolving AI regulations create compliance challenges, adding uncertainty for cross-border expansion.

This fragmented regulatory landscape underscores the importance of investor adaptability in navigating AI governance across SEA markets. Unlike in India, where the $1.25 billion IndiaAI Mission provides centralized policy direction, Southeast Asia’s regulatory frameworks remain market-specific. Investors and founders who understand SEA’s varying AI compliance structures will be best positioned to capture growth opportunities while mitigating policy risks.

Talent constraints are another key concern. Southeast Asia’s AI talent shortage is one of the most significant barriers to scalability, with data showing that by 2030, 72% of job market skills will need to evolve to meet AI-driven workforce demands. While India, Brazil, and Nigeria have strong software engineering pipelines, SEA’s AI expertise remains concentrated in urban hubs like Singapore, Jakarta, and Ho Chi Minh City. This creates both a challenge and an opportunity — investors who back applied AI startups that integrate workforce upskilling and automation solutions will gain long-term competitive advantages in SEA’s fast-digitizing economies.

The Changing Role of Investors

With AI infrastructure investments concentrated in China and the U.S., SEA’s applied AI sector remains underfunded and undervalued — creating a rare arbitrage opportunity.

The old Silicon Valley playbook of cash-burning expansion is being rewritten, and capital efficiency is now a competitive edge. Recent open-source breakthroughs — including DeepSeek, Qwen, Mixtral, LLaMA 2, Falcon, etc. — have collapsed AI costs, enabling startups leveraging AI to scale with unprecedented efficiency. The next wave of breakout companies will be built leaner, smarter, and faster — prioritising profitability and growth over unsustainable scaling models.

Unlike capital-intensive deep-tech plays, applied AI businesses monetize rapidly and withstand market downturns — presenting a rare window for investors to secure high-growth, high-efficiency returns. As adoption accelerates, SEA’s AI-powered startups are poised to see rapid valuation adjustments — similar to India’s post-2018 fintech boom, where Paytm, Razorpay, and PhonePe delivered outsized returns.

In this shifting landscape, investor success will depend on:

• Navigating fragmented markets with strategic entry guidance
• Understanding evolving AI governance to mitigate regulatory risks
• Building data access and ecosystem partnerships that create durable moats
• Enabling cross-border scaling to unlock regional and global opportunities

Institutional capital is beginning to recognize Southeast Asia’s AI potential, but funding remains disproportionate ($1.7B in 2024 vs. $20B across broader Asia). Early signs of M&A activity in Singapore and Malaysia’s $250M investment in semiconductor AI signal growing government backing. However, success in this new era will not come from building AI infrastructure — it will come from applying AI to solve deep, localized challenges.

The Global South Rises

As falling AI costs lower barriers to entry, investors who rethink their engagement models will define the next generation of winners. They will no longer be predominantly from Silicon Valley; a growing number will rise from Lagos, Jakarta, São Paulo, and Bangalore — redefining industries, unlocking new markets, and expanding economic mobility for billions.

This democratization of AI capabilities represents perhaps the most significant redistribution of technological power in decades. While developed markets focused heavily on foundation models and infrastructure, entrepreneurs across India, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America have been quietly building AI applications tailored to local markets worth collectively trillions. These applications tackle region-specific problems that global solutions often overlook — from financial inclusion platforms capable of credit-scoring without conventional banking histories to agricultural AI systems designed for smallholder farmers and healthcare diagnostics customized for underserved populations.

The emerging pattern suggests a bifurcation in the AI investment landscape: while capital-intensive foundation model development remains concentrated in technologically advanced markets, the most promising applications layer is increasingly distributed globally. This shift mirrors earlier technology cycles where the most enduring value was ultimately captured not by infrastructure providers but by those who built compelling use cases on top of standardized platforms.
Investors who recognize this shift — and act now — will secure the most meaningful returns, both financially and in terms of impact. Those who continue applying outdated investment frameworks that prioritize technological sophistication over market fit and execution will miss perhaps the decade’s most significant wealth creation opportunity. The future AI giants may not emerge from familiar innovation hubs, but from entrepreneurs solving real-world problems in Jakarta’s traffic jams, Nigeria’s healthcare clinics, or Brazil’s agricultural heartland—entrepreneurs who understand that AI’s true promise lies not in its technological elegance, but in its human application.

Singapore witnessed a handover of power. Indonesians elected a new President. 2024 saw voters from more than 60 countries go to the polls. The year has been a tumultuous one. The global landscape was marked by political shifts and economic uncertainties, creating a potentially complex backdrop for the tech and venture capital industry.

And after a surge in deals and valuations in 2021 followed by a precipitous decline for most of 2022 with some recoveries in 2023 (mainly driven by AI and sustainability sectors), there were optimistic expectations for a tech and venture capital recovery in 2024. However, 2024 turned out to be a year of recalibration and adjustment for Southeast Asia’s tech and venture scene, marked by a significant decline in funding and a shift in focus towards profitability and sustainability. As we turn the page to 2025, it’s time to assess how the region’s tech landscape has evolved and what trends have emerged.

2024: Revisiting The Year

Profitability Takes Priority: The decline in funding forced startups to prioritize sustainable revenue and profitability over aggressive growth. Traveloka’s turnaround, from a cancelled SPAC IPO to profitability, exemplifies this trend. With the recovery of the travel sector, Traveloka was able to use its internal cash to do an early repayment of its $300 million private credit loan that was due in 2026 to a group of lenders that include BlackRock.

Agritech Struggles: Agriculture is the third largest contributor to Indonesia’s GDP in 2022 at 12.4%, after trade and manufacturing. With a declining farmer population, agritech was seen as a means to improve productivity and towards food security. However, despite the millions invested into tech startups in the agricultural sector, the agritech sector tackling fruits and vegetables to fish and shrimps faced challenges across Indonesia and Vietnam, with several high-profile startups facing alleged financial irregularities.

AI Dominates: Globally, AI emerged as the star of the show, attracting close to a third of all global venture funding. One out of every three VC dollars invested globally in 2024 went to an AI startup, reflecting a continued coalescence around the vertical that some investors fear is having a distorting effect on the market. Funding for AI and ML startups accounted for 35.7% of all VC global deal value last year, according to PitchBook data. In North America, the vertical grabbed nearly half of all VC dollars. Globally, investment in AI and ML startups increased more than 50% to $131.5 billion (Source: PitchBook).

2025: Recovery Takes Root

While 2024 was a challenging year, there is increased optimism for 2025, with modest signs of recovery and renewed optimism in Southeast Asia’s tech and venture scene.

Modest Funding Rebound: Global venture funding in 2024 saw a marginal increase compared to 2023, with AI driving the most significant year-over-year growth. Total startup funding in 2024 reached approximately $314 billion, up from $304 billion in 2023, according to an analysis of Crunchbase data. Despite this slight uptick, both late-stage and seed investments faced sharp declines. Late-stage funding plummeted by 76.9%, while seed-stage investments dropped by 52.4%, underscoring ongoing challenges in the broader funding landscape.

Regional Government Backing for Tech: Governments across Southeast Asia are ramping up support for the tech sector through initiatives like tax incentives, grants, and funding programs. In October 2024, Malaysia’s sovereign wealth fund, Khazanah Nasional Berhad, launched Jelawang Capital Sdn Bhd, a national fund-of-funds aimed at nurturing local fund managers and attracting regional players with expertise and capital. Similarly, Indonesia unveiled its Danantara Indonesia Sovereign Fund, boasting an initial asset base of approximately US$600 billion (Rp9,429.8 trillion), designed to invest both domestically and internationally.

DeepTech, DefenceTech, and AI Take Center Stage: Artificial intelligence remains a key driver of innovation and investment, with startups leveraging AI and deep tech capturing significant investor interest. This has been further bolstered by President Trump’s ambitious $500 billion Project Stargate with a focus solely on AI. Sustainability and impact are also gaining traction, as both investors and startups prioritize solutions addressing environmental and social challenges. Meanwhile, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the rise of healthtech and medtech startups, which are developing innovative solutions to improve healthcare access and affordability. Additionally, global conflicts have spurred the emergence of DefenceTech as a prominent sector, drawing keen interest from venture capitalists. For instance, Shield AI, a defense tech company, is building Hivemind — an AI pilot designed to enable swarms of drones and aircraft to operate autonomously without GPS, communications, or human pilots. The company recently secured a $200 million funding round from notable investors, including Palantir, Airbus, and L3Harris, as reported by the Financial Times.

Another trend reshaping the biopharma landscape is the rising influence of Chinese innovation. In 2024, Chinese biotechs accounted for one-third of global pharma licensing deals — a remarkable leap from nearly zero a decade ago. This surge reflects the growing recognition of high-quality science emerging from China, as well as the cost advantages these innovations offer. While the United States remains the epicentre of biopharma innovation, the industry is increasingly embracing a collaborative global ecosystem where groundbreaking science can transcend geographic boundaries to thrive.

CES 2025: Innovations Galore

CES 2025 has once again highlighted the forefront of technological advancements, showcasing how AI is becoming an essential part of both business and everyday life. This transition from viewing AI as merely a tool to recognizing it as a fundamental component of business operations is a significant milestone. Companies are now integrating AI into various areas such as coding, community building, sales, risk management, and even legal and operational processes, unlocking limitless possibilities. This evolution not only boosts efficiency and productivity but also paves the way for new opportunities in innovation and problem-solving. The potential impact of these advancements on our future and our interaction with technology is truly exciting and beyond anything we had previously imagined.

Humanoid robots like Unitree’s G1 and Realbotix’s Aria are truly impressive with their advanced motor technology and fluid movements. These robots are capable of expressing emotions, engaging in conversations, and performing human-like abilities such as walking and jumping. They are already being used in various fields, including hospitality, education, and healthcare. The Unitree G1 humanoid robot, approximately 127 cm tall and weighing 35 kg, is capable of a wide range of movements, thanks to its 23 to 43 joint motors (depending on the specific G1 model). The high mobility of the G1’s joints enables it to perform several everyday human actions, such as moving from standing to squatting positions, turning its body, and waving.

Conversely, Realbotix’s Aria showcases advanced motor technology for fluid movements and a modular design, making her suitable for various applications, including personal companionship and travel convenience. In healthcare, humanoid robots are being explored for roles such as patient care assistants, helping with tasks like taking vitals, administering medication, and providing emotional support. They are also being considered for elderly care, offering companionship and assistance with daily activities.

NVIDIA’s CEO Jensen Huang, unveiled a transformative vision for the future of artificial intelligence, emphasizing the emergence of Agentic AI — a new class of digital workers capable of autonomously understanding complex tasks, formulating plans, and executing actions with minimal human intervention. This groundbreaking development holds significant implications for industries worldwide, as it paves the way for advanced automation systems that can enhance operational efficiency, reduce costs, and maintain precision at scale. By enabling machines to operate with greater autonomy and intelligence, businesses stand to unlock unprecedented levels of productivity, innovation, and competitive advantage in an increasingly digital-first economy. Huang’s insights underscore NVIDIA’s commitment to driving the next wave of AI innovation, positioning the company at the forefront of this technological revolution.

Can a spoon truly alter the taste of food? Remarkably, the answer is yes. Japan’s Kirin showcased an ingenious electronic spoon that utilizes mild electrical stimulation to enhance the salty and umami taste of low-sodium foods — without the need for additional sodium. This breakthrough technology addresses pressing global health challenges associated with excessive salt consumption, offering a novel solution to improve dietary habits and support better nutrition management. Costing US$126, it is currently only available in Japan.

Finally, you will no longer have to worry about running out of ingredients in your fridge. Samsung partnered Instacart to make grocery shopping more convenient by allowing consumers in the United States to order groceries directly from their Samsung Bespoke refrigerator screens. Using Samsung’s AI Vision Inside technology and Instacart’s product-matching API, users can manage their food inventory and replenish items with ease.

These insights from JPMHC 2025 and CES 2025 underscore how technology is revolutionizing different industries in profound ways. At these events, several key innovations showed just how pivotal tech advancements are in shaping the future. AI has a growing role across multiple domains, from smart home devices to enterprise solutions. AI is becoming indispensable in automating tasks, analyzing vast amounts of data, and enabling predictive analytics. Businesses are leveraging AI to enhance operations, improve customer service, and drive innovation. Overall, the insights from these conferences highlight how technology is not just an accessory but a driving force reshaping industries and enhancing our quality of life.

Availability of startup funding remains challenging, as venture investors demand both growth potential and a solid financial foundation. Beyond primary funding rounds (seed, Series A, etc.), some startups with more business traction have chosen to raise capital through IPOs (initial public offering) or to consider an M&A (merger/acquisition). While primary rounds provide initial growth capital, mature startups seek liquidity and returns. Besides capital, IPOs offer access to public investors and the option of a secondary raise. An M&A could create strategic partnerships, providing resources, technology, and market access for accelerated growth.

In a thriving IPO market, startups pursuing a public listing can stimulate M&A activity by setting valuations and offering companies flexibility. Many firms pursue both IPO and M&A to maximize investor returns. This competition between acquirers and public investors can drive higher valuations. IPOs also benchmark private company values, aiding M&A negotiations. Startups have more options: going public for capital and visibility or merging for synergies. An active IPO market fosters dynamic deal-making, benefiting both startups and investors.

IPOs and M&A are crucial components of the venture capital ecosystem. Successful exits through these channels enable venture capitalists (VCs) to monetize investments and return capital to limited partners (LPs). This liquidity empowers LPs to reinvest in new VC funds, funding innovative startups and perpetuating the venture capital cycle. A decline in IPO and M&A activity can disrupt this cycle, potentially slowing investments in new startups.

In Southeast Asia, primary funding remains stagnant and investment deals are taking a prolonged period of time to close. Bridge rounds have become a common stop-gap measure with investors working with startup management to trim operating expenses. However, these bridge rounds often provide less capital and shorter runways, making them less than ideal for long-term growth. Investors are generally reluctant to fund startups through bridge rounds repeatedly.

M&As as Catalyst for Inorganic Growth

Since 2006, Southeast Asia has witnessed a growing number of startup M&A transactions over the past years. According to TechinAsia, there have been more than 500 M&A transactions across Southeast Asia involving startups, with an average of 50 transactions over the last 5 years.

M&A in the startup sector continued at a steady pace in 2023, exceeding pre-pandemic levels. Carta highlighted a notable shift where a larger proportion of acquired startups were smaller companies with fewer than 10 employees. This marked the highest percentage of small-scale acquisitions in the past five years. In contrast, the number of larger deals involving companies with 100 or more employees reached a new low. This trend might indicate that smaller startups are increasingly viewing M&A as a viable exit strategy to secure their future.

Tech giants like Nvidia and Microsoft have built up substantial cash reserves and are actively on a roll-up play. Following the playbook of predecessors like Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google, these behemoths have grown their empires through hundreds of acquisitions over the years. Their strategy typically involves dominating their core business, such as e-commerce for Amazon or search for Google, and then expanding into new sectors through strategic acquisitions. This approach allows them to diversify revenue streams, out-manoeuvre competitors, and solidify their market position.

Recent M&A news includes Nvidia’s announced acquisition of Run:ai, a company specializing in GPU workload management. Nividia and Run:ai have been business partners since 2020 and the Nvidia acquisition could be a strategic move to solidify its position as a leader in the AI industry. In another high-profile deal, Google announced plans to buy Wiz, a prominent Israeli cybersecurity startup, for a record-breaking $23 billion. This is a very substantial acquisition and highlights Google’s commitment to its cloud and cybersecurity offerings. However, reports have indicated that Wiz chose to remain private and independent, opting to pursue an IPO instead.

In Southeast Asia and as far back in 2016, Google made its first strategic acquisition of a startup Pie, a Slack-like team communications service based in Singapore. Pie had a talented team of engineers, and Google likely saw the acquisition as an opportunity to jumpstart its first engineering team devoted to Southeast Asia. A couple of months back in July 2024, Singapore-based ride-hailing and delivery giant Grab Holdings acquired the popular restaurant reservation app Chope to add to its core services of ride-hailing and food delivery. This acquisition seems to align with Grab’s strategy to expand beyond its core services of ride-hailing and food delivery. By combining Chope’s restaurant reservations with Grab’s transportation and delivery services, Grab can offer a seamless user experience. This enables consumers to book a restaurant, take a ride to the venue, and enjoy a meal, all within the Grab app. Chope’s strong reputation in the region can help Grab extend its consumer services to the vast Southeast Asian market of over 650 million people.

Omnilytics, a Singapore-based fashion analytics provider, acquired Malaysian data labeling platform Supahands for $20 million. This strategic move aims to enhance Omnilytics’ Product Match solution, which helps brands and retailers compare product pricing across different platforms. Supahands’ expertise in data labeling will be instrumental in improving the accuracy and efficiency of Omnilytics’ product matching technology, providing clients with even more valuable insights into market trends and pricing strategies.

New York Stock Exchange-listed PropertyGuru (PGRU) expanded its services beyond property listings by acquiring Sendhelper, a home cleaning and maintenance provider. This acquisition allows users to find properties, get financing, and manage their homes all within one platform. In a surprise move, PropertyGuru agreed to a take-private deal with EQT Private Capital Asia, valuing the company at $1.1 billion. PropertyGuru agreed to a take-private deal with EQT Private Capital Asia, valuing the company at $1.1 billion. This merger brings together EQT’s expertise in technology and marketplaces with PropertyGuru’s online property platform, aiming to create a stronger and more comprehensive entity.

From Competitive Foes to Collaborative Partners via M&A

As the Southeast Asia venture and startup landscape matures, M&A can be seen as an inorganic growth to enter new markets, bolster customer base and product offerings while eliminating competitive frictions. These strategic mergers and acquisitions can help companies accelerate their growth, gain access to new technologies, and strengthen their market position.

UK-based data and analytics firm Ascential’s purchase of Singaporean e-commerce omnichannel solutions provider Intrepid for up to $250 million in upfront cash and deferred considerations is a prime example. Similarly, New York’s Fintech Payoneer’s acquisition of Singaporean global HR and payroll startup Skuad for $61 million underscores this trend. Both companies share a focus on serving small-to-medium-sized employers with distributed teams, offering international payroll and remote onboarding solutions.

The merger of Singaporean dating startups Lunch Actually and Paktor Group demonstrates the potential benefits of combining forces to expand market reach and deliver enhanced customer experiences. By leveraging their complementary online and offline services, the merged entity can offer more personalised one-on-one dating introductions.

A Straits Times report revealed that a significant portion of Southeast Asia’s used car trade remains offline, indicating substantial growth potential for online platforms. With an annual market value exceeding S$290 billion, this burgeoning industry has attracted the attention of unicorn companies seeking to capitalise on its opportunities. To solidify their market positions and expand their offerings, Southeast Asia’s automotive e-commerce leaders, Carro and Carsome, have embarked on an aggressive acquisition and investment strategy, focusing on platforms that provide complementary services within the used car ecosystem.

Carro has made several acquisitions or investments such as Beyond Cars (Hong Kong), MyTukar (Malaysia), MPMRent and Jualo (Indonesia) giving it access to 8 markets, including Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Japan, and Taiwan. CarSome also made several strategic moves to acquire or invest into CarTimes Automobile (Singapore), WapCar and AutoFun, iCar Asia (Malaysia) and PT Universal Collection (Indonesia) giving the company access to new markets and interestingly into the generation of digital user content for the automotive industry.

While these examples highlight the potential advantages of mergers and acquisitions, it’s important to note that not all such endeavours result in success. Nasdaq-listed MoneyHero’s unsuccessful attempt to acquire MoneySmart underscores the challenges associated with such transactions. Both MoneyHero and MoneySmart are leading companies in the personal finance sector but appear to be on diverging paths in terms of strategy, financial sustainability, and outlook.

The Dilemma: To IPO or not to IPO

An IPO can be a strategic move for a tech company, offering several advantages. It provides access to a broader pool of investors, enabling companies to raise significant capital. This capital can be used to refinance existing debt, invest in growth initiatives, or reward employees and investors with liquidity options.

For matured tech companies like Plaid, Stripe, and Klarna who have filed and are lining up to go public, current market conditions do not seem to be optimal for listing. SPACs (Special Purpose Acquisition Companies) have been a popular route for tech startups to go public in recent years. However, the SPAC performance has been mixed, with few companies experiencing significant success while others have faced challenges. The SPAC route is technically not viable anymore.

There are many reasons why an IPO could be delayed and one of the key reasons could be the focus on topline growth and bottomline profitability. Singapore’s leading Fintech Nium has pushed back its plans for a US IPO till the end of 2026 in a bid to focus on growth and market expansion. Used car marketplace Carro is also positioning for growth and profitability while lining itself up for a public listing. According to a Citi report, the volume of IPOs this year is a fraction of the more than US$240 billion seen during the same period in 2021, before the Fed’s rate hikes. It’s also below the average seen in the decade before the pandemic.

Focusing on startups who have braved the public listing route, Southeast Asia startups such as MoneyHero (NASDAQ:MNY), Ohmyhome (NASDAQ:OMH), Ryde (NYSEAMERICAN: RYDE), Nuren Group (NSX:NRN), Bukalapak.com (IDX: BUKA) and many more have seen their share price dipped by as much as 80% since listing. A public listed company is subject to scrutiny and expectations from investors and the stock exchange. If the share prices continue their descent and stay below the exchange’s minimum price threshold for an extended period, these companies could face a potential delisting penalty.

The Funding Outlook for 2025

The venture capital landscape in 2025 stands at a crossroads of opportunity and caution. The US Federal Reserve’s strategic interest rate reduction, the first cut since 2020, has catalyzed renewed optimism, with investors keenly anticipating further cuts. While many venture capitalists see this as a potential renaissance for a previously tepid market, the implications extend beyond mere capital availability. 

In an era of abundant capital, true differentiation lies not in securing funding, but in deploying it with strategic precision. While easier access to capital may tempt startups to accelerate growth aggressively, maintaining steadfast financial discipline remains paramount. By prioritizing sustainable expansion and implementing sound financial management practices, companies build a resilient foundation capable of weathering diverse economic conditions.

Beyond traditional venture equity, savvy startups are increasingly diversifying their funding strategies to reduce reliance on single capital sources. This comprehensive approach encompasses various financial instruments, from venture debt to working capital lines of credit, enabling both organic growth and strategic mergers and acquisitions. As the startup ecosystem evolves, companies are particularly leveraging debt financing to fuel M&A activities, forging partnerships with entities that share aligned goals and missions to drive meaningful expansion.

Coffee is big business. With a market size estimated at $461.25 billion in 2022 and projected to expand at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2023 to 2030, it’s clear that coffee consumption is on the rise. The coffee market in Southeast Asia is projected to grow by 3.92% annually from 2024 to 2029, resulting in a market volume of

$10.3 billion in 2029. This growth reflects the region’s vibrant coffee scene, with consumers seeking unique experiences and emphasising sustainability and ethical sourcing.

Direct-to-consumer (DTC) brands are companies that generally bypass traditional retail channels to sell and market their products directly to consumers, typically through online platforms. The big idea is that this approach allows brands to have greater control over their marketing, customer experience, and pricing. The rise of e-commerce and digital marketing has fueled the growth of DTC brands, making it easier for startups and established companies alike to reach target audiences directly.

More and more, DTC brands have pursued an omnichannel approach in order to lay the foundations of sustainable business models. Many of the first movers in this space (think Warby Parker, Casper, Glossier etc) have already successfully integrated both off and online models.

Nowhere more clearly do we observe this trend than in the coffee space. Grab and go (GAG) coffee chains embrace a digital-first strategy to differentiate itself from traditional F&B businesses. The “New Retail” concept was put forward by Alibaba’s Jack Ma in 2016, which enables a seamless engagement between the online and offline world through data technology. A typical GAG coffee outlet has just enough space for the baristas to operate. There are limited seats (if any) and bare interiors. Smaller stores translate to lower rent and fewer employees. This significantly reduces each store’s operational costs, allowing chains to offer lower prices while maintaining a healthy margin. This leaner model also allows chains to expand more quickly. Customers can place their orders through the mobile app for pick up at their preferred outlet or delivery to their doorstep.

Coffee In Asia & Southeast Asia

Asia has already witnessed the emergence of a key pan-Asian home-grown coffee player – Jollibee Foods (JFC.PS) the region’s largest fast-food chain. Jollibee diversified into the coffee business through a series of acquisitions. Notably, in July 2024, Jollibee acquired a 70% stake in privately held South Korea’s Compose Coffee for $238 million. This followed their earlier acquisition of The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf (CBTL) in 2019 for $350 million and a controlling stake in Vietnamese coffee chain Highlands Coffee in 2017.

Over the past five to seven years, the coffee landscape in Southeast Asia has undergone a remarkable transformation often with a strong flavour of technology (no double entendre intended) – download an app, get a first order at under $1 and receive your caffeine drink in 2 mins. Traditional coffee shops, boutique cafes and tech-savvy chains have sprouted up across the region, creating a vibrant and competitive market. From global giants like Starbucks and CBTL to homegrown unicorns like China’s Luckin and Indonesia’s Kopi Kenangan, coffee brands are vying for their share of the Southeast Asia market and consumer taste buds.

Asia’s coffee consumption has grown by 1.5% in the past five years, compared to 0.5% growth in Europe and 1.2% in the U.S, according to the International Coffee Organization, turning the region into the coffee world’s soon-to-be center of gravity. Traditionally a tea-drinking region, Asia’s growing coffee consumption is largely driven by the rise of a middle class that is keen to try anything trendy.

Deeply rooted in their colonial past, coffee cultures and export prowess define Southeast Asian coffee scenes. Vietnam’s French influence and Indonesia’s Dutch heritage are evident in their brewing traditions. Both countries remain in the top five global coffee producers (Figure 1).

Mobile Platforms Shake Up The Market And Challenge Established Coffee Brands

Fueled by a burgeoning middle class with rising disposable income and a growing appreciation for specialty coffee, Southeast Asia is experiencing a coffee revolution of its own. This trend has given rise to a wave of innovative coffee startups that are disrupting the traditional market landscape.

Price and unique flavour profiles are key drivers for many Southeast Asian entrepreneurs venturing into the coffee industry. Consider Starbucks’ pricing: a tall latte costs an American just 2% of their daily median income, but in Indonesia, that same drink can consume a staggering 30% of a local’s daily income (Figure 2). This vast disparity highlights the opportunity for homegrown coffee startups to cater to local tastes and offer competitive pricing model.

While GAG chains thrive on digital efficiency and affordability, established brands like Starbucks are looking to bridge the gap with their own digital initiatives, recognizing the changing consumer landscape. Starbucks wants to be a welcoming space between home and work and hence, customer experience within the physical store is paramount. However, they also recognise the growing importance of digital integration.

In China, for example, Starbucks partnered with Alibaba to bridge the gap with competitors like Luckin Coffee. Through this collaboration, they leveraged Hema, Alibaba’s supermarket chain, to expand their delivery radius through “Star Kitchens” located within Hema stores. Following this success, Starbucks expanded its pre-order and in-store pickup options beyond its own app, integrating it with four Alibaba platforms like Alipay. This year, they further embraced the digital landscape by signing a regional partnership with Grab to enhance their reach within Southeast Asia

Kopi Kenangan, also known as Kenangan Coffee, has over 800 outlets and monthly sales of millions of cups. Their success hinges on a meticulously-crafted pricing strategy. Take the “Kopi Kenangan Mantan,” their signature iced latte with palm sugar, for example. At only Rp24,000 ($1.50), it is a steal compared to international chains. By offering locally crafted drinks significantly cheaper than Starbucks, they have tapped into a lucrative market gap without sacrificing profitability. This winning formula lies in an innovative retail concept: a seamless blend of small, convenient offline stores with robust online ordering services. This technology-first approach allows them to reduce operating costs and maximize profits for continued affordability. They are not alone in this game – companies like Jago Coffee and Sejuta Jiwa are all brewing up delicious and affordable options for the growing Indonesian market.

A Shot At Brewing Up Billions

VCs are bullish on the Southeast Asian coffee scene pouring significant funds into this burgeoning sector. The region’s consumer-focused startups grabbed the largest share of venture capital deal value last year, replacing software as the hottest investment destination. According to PitchBook’s 2024 Southeast Asia Private Capital Breakdown, $4.2 billion was invested in Southeast Asian B2C startups in 2023, a 31.3% increase from the previous year. It’s worth noting that this growth stands out – coffee was one of the few sectors to see a rise in deal value in 2023, and it represented a significant 36.5% of the total deal value for the region, its highest percentage since 2020.

This surge in VC interest translates directly to developments in the Southeast Asian coffee landscape. Coffee-related startups are a major driver of the D2C boom, offering innovative and convenient coffee experiences for a growing and discerning consumer base. Let’s explore some specific examples across the region:

• • Established Players with Big Brews: Indonesia boasts established coffee giants like Kopi Kenangan which has secured over $240 million in funding and achieved coveted unicorn status. Fore Coffee, another Indonesian player, is also a major player, having raised more than $40 million to date and offering a specialty coffee experience.

• • Emerging Players Brewing Innovation: New startups are brewing up excitement with innovative concepts. Malaysia’s Koppiku has secured $2.5 million, while Vietnamese tech-enabled coffee chain Révi Coffee & Tea, highlighting the growing appeal of Vietnamese coffee brands. founded by former Gojek executives, is making waves. Additionally, ZUS Coffee in Malaysia is reportedly preparing for a significant $53.5 million investment round. The Philippines with Grab-and-go Pickup Coffee raised $40 million and seeking to expand internationally into Mexico’s value-focused coffee market with an outlet in the Polanco neighbourhood of Mexico City.

• • Sustainable Solutions Sipping Success: VCs aren’t just focused on established models. Singapore’s Prefer, a startup offering bean-free coffee capsules for a more sustainable future, has secured $2 million in seed funding. This investment shows that VCs are looking beyond traditional models and towards innovative solutions that cater to the growing sustainability consciousness of consumers.

The surge in VC investment in Southeast Asian coffee startups translates to a plethora of choices for consumers. From established giants offering familiar comfort to innovative newcomers shaking things up, and sustainability-focused solutions for the eco-conscious, there’s something brewing for everyone. This fierce competition can be seen as a positive force, driving down prices and pushing boundaries in terms of service and product offerings. While some brands like Flash Coffee may not survive the intense competition, the survivors will be those that best adapt to consumer preferences and market dynamics.